# Problems¶

The problem is the optimisation task - the specific source model we invert. The search ranges and inversion conditions can be configured flexibly. So far defined problems in Grond are the optimisations of different source types, which are derived from Pyrocko Sources.

These problems are:

• CMTProblem

A problem that solves for a centroid moment tensor point source (derived from Pyrocko’s CMTSource). This problem fits the very general earthquake source analysis based on far-field seismic waveforms.

• DoubleDCProblem

A problem that solves for two double-couple point sources (derived from DoubleDCSource). This problem can be used to solve for somewhat complex, segmented earthquake sources to better fit far-field seismic data.

• RectangularProblem

A problem that solves for a rectangular finite source (derived from Pyrocko’s RectangularSource). This problem fits well to large earthquakes and/or problems for which near-field surface displacement data (InSAR, GNSS, etc.) are available.

To define and configure a problem the part called problem_config in the configuration is set up.

## General configuration¶

Generic example ProblemConfig
problem_config: !grond.RectangularProblemConfig
name_template: '${event_name}' norm_exponent: 0 decimation_factor: 4 ranges: north_shift: '-2000 .. 20000' east_shift: '-2000 .. 20000' depth: '5000 .. 30000' length: '12000 .. 18000' width: '4000 .. 14000' slip: '0.2 .. 2.' strike: '80 .. 330' dip: '0 .. 60' rake: '60 .. 90'  The following problem parameters are shared by all problems and are part of all problem configurations: name_template can be any string and provides a stem for the result folders runs and report to identify different optimisations. Meaningful is to use short event and problem identifications in this string. norm_exponent defines the norm of combining several normalization_family in the global misfit. This integer value is 1 or larger. Please find here more information on the global misfit calculation in Grond. ranges defines the bounds of individual and specific source model parameters. See the details for the source ranges of different problems in the sections below. An example for the configuration of a rectangular fault problem is given here: ## CMTProblem configuration¶ Example CMTProblemConfig problem_config: !grond.CMTProblemConfig name_template: '${event_name}_regional_mt'
norm_exponent: 1
distance_min: 0
mt_type: 'deviatoric'
ranges:
time: '-10 .. 10 | add'
north_shift: '-40e3 .. 40e3'
east_shift: '-40e3 .. 40e3'
depth: '4e3 .. 50e3'
magnitude: '4.0 .. 7.0'
rmnn: '-1.41421 .. 1.41421'
rmee: '-1.41421 .. 1.41421'
rmdd: '-1.41421 .. 1.41421'
rmne: '-1 .. 1'
rmnd: '-1 .. 1'
rmed: '-1 .. 1'
duration: '0. .. 0.'


The Grond CMTProblem represents one of most popular problems in seismology. Sought-after are moment tensor source models that well fit the observed seismic waveforms. The waveforms are usually far-field observations such that this point-source approximation is well suited. The CMTProblem can be configured to a pure double-couple problem. The source time function is fixed to half-sinusoid (see the documentation of Pyrocko Sources for details on the source time function).

Configuration parameters that common for all problems are listed above and following are parameters particularly for the CMTProblem.

Non-general problem parameters:

distance_min
is a minimum target distance to the source used to exclude targets closer than this. Tailored to the problem, too close targets will not be considered in the misfit evaluation. Finite-rupture effects on near targets may be excluded efficiently with a meaning setting for this parameter.
distance_max
is a maximum target distance to the source used to exclude targets farther than this. Tailored to the problem, too far away targets will not be considered in the misfit evaluation. Like this certain phase interferences may be efficiently excluded.
mt_type
configures the type of moment tensor. The source model can be set to be a full moment tensor ( mt_type: full) or can be constrained to a deviatoric moment tensor (mt_type: deviatoric) or even to a pure double couple source (mt_type: dc).

Source parameters:

(Please check for more details the description of the Pyrocko Sources.)

ranges:

east_shift
is a relative position in east direction to the reference location given in event.txt. It is given in meters.
north_shift
is a relative position in north direction to the reference location given in ‘event.txt’. It is given in meters.
depth
is the depth of the point source in meters.
time
is the relative time to the origin time given in ‘event.txt’ in seconds.
magnitude
is the earthquake moment magnitude.
rmnn & rmee & rmdd & rmne & rmnd & rmed
are the moment tensor components.
duration
is the duration of the source time function in seconds.

## DoubleDCProblem configuration¶

Example DoubleDCProblemConfig
problem_config: !grond.CMTProblemConfig
name_template: '${event_name}_regional_mt' norm_exponent: 1 distance_min: 0 mt_type: 'deviatoric' ranges: time: '-10 .. 10 | add' north_shift: '-40e3 .. 40e3' east_shift: '-40e3 .. 40e3' depth: '4e3 .. 50e3' magnitude: '4.0 .. 7.0' strike1: '30. .. 180.' dip1: '30. .. 90.' rake1: '20. .. 150.' strike2: '30. .. 180.' dip2: '30. .. 90.' rake2: '20. .. 150.' delta_time: '5. .. 10.' delta_depth: '0. .. 10000.' azimuth: '0. .. 360.' distance: '10000. .. 40000.' mix: '0.2 .. 0.8' duration1: '5. .. 10.' duration2: '5. .. 10.'  This problem has two double-couple point sources (derived from DoubleDCSource). They are dependent in location and relative timing to avoid overlapping in either space or time. The mechanisms, the durations and the moments of the two sources are independent. Using this model more complex earthquakes with two prominent rupture phases or with a change of mechanism along the rupture plane can be studied. Or simply the potential of a major source complexity of an earthquake can be tested. Configuration parameters that common for all problems are listed above and following are parameters particularly for the DoubleDCProblem. Non-general problem parameters: distance_min is a minimum target distance to the source used to exclude targets closer than this. Tailored to the problem, too close targets will not be considered in the misfit evaluation. Finite-rupture effects on near targets may be excluded efficiently with a meaning setting for this parameter. Source parameters: (Please check for more details the description of the Pyrocko Sources.) ranges: east_shift is a relative position in east direction to the reference location given in ‘event.txt’. It is given in meters. north_shift is a relative position in north direction to the reference location given in ‘event.txt’. It is given in meters. depth is the depth of the starting point source in meters. time is the relative time to the origin time given in ‘event.txt’ in seconds. magnitude is the total earthquake moment magnitude. strike1 & dip1 & rake1 constrain the mechanism of the first double-couple source. strike2 & dip2 & rake2 constrain the mechanism of the second double-couple source. delta_time is the time difference between the two sources in seconds. Needs to be larger than zero to separate the sources in time and to make source 2 the later source. delta_depth is the depth difference of the two sources in meters. azimuth the azimuth of source 2 with respect to source 1 (clockwise from north) in degrees. distance is the distance between the two sources in meters. Needs to be larger than zero to separate the sources in space. mix is a value between 0 and 1 that defines the relative moment contributions of the sources to the total moment. In the extreme, with mix=0 all the moment is in the first source and none in the second or else mix=1 put all moment in the second source which leaves none for the first source. mix=0.25 defines three quarters of the total moment on the first source and one quarter on the second, while obviously mix=0.5 gives two sources of the same strength. duration1 & duration2 are the durations of the first and second source’s source time functions, respectively, in seconds. ## RectangularProblem configuration¶ Example RectangularProblemConfig problem_config: !grond.RectangularProblemConfig name_template: '${event_name}_joint'
norm_exponent: 1
decimation_factor: 4
ranges:
north_shift: '-2000 .. 20000'
east_shift: '-2000 .. 20000'
depth: '5000 .. 30000'
length: '12000 .. 18000'
width: '4000 .. 14000'
slip: '0.2 .. 2.'
strike: '80 .. 330'
dip: '0 .. 60'
rake: '60 .. 90'

# Dynamic constraints, not needed for static inversion
time: '-15. .. 10. | add'
nucleation_x: '-1. .. 1.'
nucleation_y: '-1. .. 1.'


The rectangular source is a simple finite source model with a rectangular shape and uniform moment or slip across the rupture plane. It resembles the source model defined by Haskell (1964), but has a nucleation point from which spreads a circular rupture. The position of the nucleation point on the rupture plane can be part of the problem. Uniform and bilateral ruptures are therefore possible. With the RectangularProblem also directivity effects in the observations of large earthquake may be predicted.

The static rectangular source is very similar to the analytical rectangular dislocation source as described by Okada (1985), which is embedded in an isotropic elastic half-space. The RectangularProblem is therefore well suited to predict near-field static surface displacements observed at GNSS stations or with InSAR. For a joint optimisation of seismic waveforms and near-field static surface displacements a RectangularProblem is the appropriate choice.

Configuration parameters that common for all problems are listed above and following are parameters particularly for the RectangularProblem.

Non-general problem parameters:

decimation_factor
is only valid for finite sources. It defines a reduced number of sub-sources that build the finite source rectangle. A reduced number speeds up the forward modelling but may lead to artefacts in the source near-field. Default is no decimation (decimation_factor: 1)

Source parameters:

(Please check for more details the description of the Pyrocko Sources.)

For the source parameter configuration, please note that the last three parameters nucleation_x, nucleation_y and time are needed to define the Rectangular Source for the forward modelling of seismic waveforms. If they are missing waveform targets are ignored in the optimisation. If only static targets are defined, the source parameters for the nucleation point and origin time, if given, are ignored.

ranges:

east_shift
is a relative position in east direction to the reference location given in event.txt. It is given in meters.
north_shift
is a relative position in north direction to the reference location given in ‘event.txt’. It is given in meters.
depth
is the depth of upper fault edge (not centroid!) in meters.
length
is the along-strike length of the fault in meters.
width
is the along-dip width of the fault in meters.
strike
is the strike angle of fault against north in degrees.
dip
is the dip angle of fault against horizontal in degrees.
rake
is the rake angle of slip in degrees.
time
is the relative time to the origin time given in ‘event.txt’ in seconds.
nucleation_x
relative horizontal position of the rupture nucleation point on the fault to the centre location. This parameter may range from -1 to 1. With 0 being in the centre, -1 being at the left-side fault edge, 1 at the right-side fault edge, and 0.5 is half-way between centroid and right-side fault edge.
nucleation_y
relative along-dip position of the rupture nucleation point on the fault to the centre location. This parameter may range from -1 to 1. With 0 being in the centre, -1 being at the top fault edge, 1 at the bottom fault edge, and 0.5 is half-way between centroid and bottom fault edge.